{"id":1568,"date":"2021-05-03T11:16:13","date_gmt":"2021-05-03T09:16:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/web.umons.ac.be\/fs\/?p=1568"},"modified":"2021-05-03T11:16:13","modified_gmt":"2021-05-03T09:16:13","slug":"une-etude-ulb-umons-explique-linfluence-du-sucre-dans-le-nectar-sur-la-capacite-des-abeilles-a-butiner","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/web.umons.ac.be\/fs\/fr\/une-etude-ulb-umons-explique-linfluence-du-sucre-dans-le-nectar-sur-la-capacite-des-abeilles-a-butiner\/","title":{"rendered":"Une \u00e9tude ULB-UMONS explique l\u2019influence de la sucrosit\u00e9 du nectar sur la capacit\u00e9 des abeilles \u00e0 butiner"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cette \u00e9tude originale qui vient d\u2019\u00eatre publi\u00e9e dans la revue am\u00e9ricaine PNAS (pour \u00ab\u00a0Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u00a0\u00bb) porte sur l\u2019\u00e9valuation des abeilles \u00e0 capter le nectar qu\u2019elles collectent en butinant les fleurs gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leur langue \u00e9quip\u00e9e de tr\u00e8s longues papilles. L\u2019\u00e9quipe mixte ULB-UMONS est parvenue \u00e0 mettre en \u00e9vidence l\u2019importance du degr\u00e9 de sucrosit\u00e9 du nectar dans l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 du processus de butinage.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Figure 1 : Papilles d\u2019une langue d\u2019abeille (Megachile rotundata). Barre d\u2019\u00e9chelle : 100 \u00b5m. (cr\u00e9dits : Agricultural Research Service and F. Brau).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Les abeilles se nourrissent du nectar qu\u2019elles collectent en butinant les fleurs gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leur langue d\u00e9cor\u00e9e de tr\u00e8s longues papilles.<\/p>\n

Les abeilles sont de paisibles butineuses qui contribuent \u00e0 la pollinisation des plantes \u00e0 fleurs lors de leur collecte de nectar. Ce liquide sucr\u00e9, qui leur procure l\u2019\u00e9nergie n\u00e9cessaire pour vivre, est pr\u00e9lev\u00e9 gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leur langue qu\u2019elles y plongent 5 fois par seconde. Plus la teneur en sucre du nectar est \u00e9lev\u00e9e, plus son apport \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique est important.<\/p>\n

Pour augmenter leur pouvoir d\u2019attraction des insectes et ainsi leur chance d\u2019\u00eatre pollinis\u00e9es, les plantes devraient donc produire le nectar le plus sucr\u00e9. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, sa concentration en sucre d\u00e9passe rarement 60%.<\/p>\n

La raison de cette limitation est \u00e0 chercher du c\u00f4t\u00e9 du m\u00e9canisme de capture lui-m\u00eame. Des mesures in vivo effectu\u00e9es en laboratoire montrent en effet, qu\u2019au-del\u00e0 de cette limite, les abeilles capturent moins de nectar \u00e0 chaque lapement. Cependant, les raisons de cette baisse d\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de la langue des abeilles n\u2019\u00e9taient pas connues.<\/p>\n

Emmen\u00e9s par Fabian Brau de l\u2019ULB (ULB – Facult\u00e9 des Sciences), Pascal Damman (UMONS \u2013 Facult\u00e9 des Sciences) et \u00a0Denis Michez (UMONS \u2013 Facult\u00e9 des Sciences), des chercheurs de l\u2019ULB et de l\u2019UMONS viennent de montrer que la forme des papilles d\u00e9corant la langue des abeilles d\u00e9termine la concentration en sucre pour laquelle l\u2019absorption de calories est optimale chez ces insectes.<\/p>\n

Publi\u00e9e dans la revue PNAS, cette \u00e9tude interdisciplinaire, combinant des exp\u00e9riences in vivo avec un mod\u00e8le de capture de nectar, a permis de comprendre le r\u00f4le essentiel des papilles dans la prise de nectar chez les abeilles.<\/p>\n

Parmi les 20.000 esp\u00e8ces d\u2019abeille connues \u00e0 ce jour, pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 poss\u00e8de une longue langue d\u00e9cor\u00e9e de papilles tr\u00e8s \u00e9lanc\u00e9es (Figure 1). Pour collecter le nectar, les abeilles y plongent cycliquement leur langue. Des exp\u00e9riences effectu\u00e9es sous un microscope \u00e9quip\u00e9 d\u2019une cam\u00e9ra rapide montrent que lorsque la langue est immerg\u00e9e dans le nectar, les papilles s\u2019ouvrent comme le feraient les poils d\u2019un pinceau. La pr\u00e9sence de ces excroissances permet donc d\u2019emprisonner une quantit\u00e9 plus importante de nectar par rapport \u00e0 une langue qui en serait d\u00e9pourvue. Ces m\u00eames exp\u00e9riences montrent cependant que cet atout morphologique ne joue plus aucun r\u00f4le lorsque la teneur en sucre du nectar d\u00e9passe une valeur critique. En effet, lorsque la concentration en sucre augmente, la viscosit\u00e9 du nectar cro\u00eet rapidement et emp\u00eache les papilles de s\u2019ouvrir compl\u00e8tement avant que la langue se retire du nectar.<\/p>\n

A l\u2019aide d\u2019une approche bas\u00e9e sur la m\u00e9canique des fluides et l\u2019\u00e9lasticit\u00e9 des tiges, les auteurs ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 mod\u00e9liser le mouvement des papilles dans un liquide visqueux. En combinant le mod\u00e8le th\u00e9orique obtenu avec des mesures de la morphologie de la langue, ils ont expliqu\u00e9 pourquoi le taux d\u2019ingestion de nectar chez les abeilles chutait brutalement pour des teneurs en sucre sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 60%. Leurs pr\u00e9dictions th\u00e9oriques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9es par des mesures in vivo de ces taux d\u2019ingestion effectu\u00e9es sur plusieurs esp\u00e8ces d\u2019abeille.<\/p>\n

De mani\u00e8re \u00e9tonnante, cette \u00e9tude montre que la valeur pr\u00e9cise de cette concentration limite en sucre est d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par le rapport entre la longueur et le diam\u00e8tre des papilles. Une corr\u00e9lation entre la morphologie des langues d\u2019abeille et la viscosit\u00e9 du nectar qu\u2019il aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 difficile de pr\u00e9dire a priori et qui met en \u00e9vidence un processus de coadaptation des plantes et de leurs pollinisateurs.<\/p>\n

Cette recherche a \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9e avec le soutien du FNRS – Projet de recherche F.R.S-FNRS \u00ab ElastoCap \u00bb T.0025.19<\/p>\n

Plus d\u2019infos\u00a0:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Fabian Brau<\/span> – Unit\u00e9 de chimie physique non lin\u00e9aire, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, ULB –\u00a0fabian.brau@ulb.ac.be<\/a><\/p>\n

Pascal Damman<\/span> – Laboratoire Interfaces & Fluides Complexes, UMONS- pascal.damman@umons.ac.be<\/a><\/p>\n

Denis Michez<\/span> – Laboratoire de Zoologie, UMONS –\u00a0denis.michez@umons.ac.be<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cette \u00e9tude vient de para\u00eetre dans la revue am\u00e9ricaine \u00ab\u00a0PNAS\u00a0\u00bb. 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